https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:35503 Wed 19 Aug 2020 11:21:51 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:51274 Wed 07 Feb 2024 14:40:55 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36347 Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, No. 374.]]> Wed 01 Apr 2020 15:00:30 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:52011 Tue 26 Sep 2023 11:36:40 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:49591 Tue 23 May 2023 11:07:09 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:52365 Tue 10 Oct 2023 14:32:44 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47274 Thu 23 Mar 2023 14:01:02 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:32441 Mon 23 Sep 2019 13:26:24 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:48231 Mon 08 May 2023 10:21:10 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:54103 Mon 05 Feb 2024 09:35:21 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:40601 hyperkeystone or super predator species as they have shown a capacity to consume animals at rates many times higher than any other non-human species. However, the extent to which humans induce adaptive defences in animals is not as clear. Systems involving large mammals may be particularly well-suited for the study of human-induced defences given that these species have been disproportionately exploited (for food and competition) over evolutionary time by humans. To begin this process we first had to examine the context in which large mammals could adaptively evolve inducible defences in relation to human lethality. With the plausibility of these conditions satisfied, we then conducted an extensive review to document the inducible defences that have been detected in large mammals. All of the 187 studies reviewed documented the behavioural plasticity of large mammals to human lethality. No morphological adaptive defences were detected. However, the extent to which the observed behavioural plasticity of large mammals is representative of adaptive inducible defences remains unclear because the fitness trade-offs (i.e. costs), an integral condition for inducible defences to evolve, were implied rather than quantified among close to 92% of this research. We make recommendations for renewed ingenuity in the development of field experiments that can quantify these costs and discuss the implications of human lethality on the ecology, conservation and management of large mammals. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.]]> Fri 22 Jul 2022 15:30:54 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47350 Fri 13 Jan 2023 13:12:36 AEDT ]]>